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Recent Developments and Enforcement of Competition Policy in Korea

May 20, 1996

by
In-Ho KIM
Chairman
Fair Trade Commission
Republic of Korea



Introduction

I am very honored to be talking about the recent development of the Korean competition policies with the ambassadors and entrepreneurs of the European Union. I would like to take this opportunity to extend my gratitude to the EU Chamber of Commerce in Korea for organizing this meaningful luncheon meeting.

In explaining the recent developments of the competition policy of Korea, I will first briefly describe the background and the development process of the Korean fair trade law; second, I will talk about the four major tasks of the Korea Fair Trade Commission: ¨çderegulation, ¨èconsumer protection, ¨éeasing economic concentration, and ¨êinternational cooperation.


1. Changes in Korean Economic Environment and Developments in Competition Policy

1.1 Background of the Enactment of Korea Fair Trade Law and Its Development Process

It was in 1980, when the "Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act" was first enacted, that antitrust policies, or competition policies, were first introduced in Korea to regulate unfair trade practices and eliminate side effects stemming from monopolistic market structures. Given the circumstances at the time, the enactment of the law was inevitable: Monopolistic market structure and economic concentration were adversely affecting the economy. To name just a few, the Second Oil Shock in 1979 intensified price-hike pressures due to monopolistic and oligopolistic market structures. In addition, the overstretched chaebol, a product of government's fostering of heavy and chemical industries, were becoming the very source of economic problems. Thus, enforcement of fair trade laws were urgently needed to regulate such evils.

EU member nations have a relatively long history of a capitalist economic system and much experience in enforcing the antitrust law which is designed to cure failure of the market--the basis of a capitalist system. Contrarily, Korea has a short history in enforcing the antitrust law and little experience in the field. Since the developmental years of the 1960's, the government played a leading role in providing and distributing financial resources and pursued a strategy in which the government strove to develop the national economy in concert with a handful of competent entrepreneurs. Under such circumstances, monopolistic and oligopolistic market structures were far from regulated. In 1980, however, Korea began to seriously acknowledge the fact that economic problems were stemming from monopolistic and oligopolistic market structures and thus came to introduce its antitrust regulations.

In the beginning, the fair trade laws were operated by the Economic Planning Board, under which the organization and its number of employees grew steadily.

1.2 Change in Korean Economic Circumstances and Strength- ened Functions of the Korea Fair Trade Commission

Over the past years, the economic environment has changed drastically in Korea with more emphasis placed on market mechanisms.

Internally, it has become difficult for the government to drive the nation's economic development as the economy approached the level of the advanced nations with high wages and capital accumulation growth. In an expanded and diversified market, market competition should be the most important economic principle in achieving optimal distribution of resources and encouraging creativity of individuals, which is essential in producing high value added, high quality goods.
Externally, geographical distance is losing significance with the advancement of information and communication technology. Moreover, the launch of the WTO removed many barriers of international trade integrating the world into a huge, single market. Consequently, it will become almost impossible to enjoy market dominance under protection from foreign competition.

Thus, the Korean government is modifying its policies toward vitalizing market functions. During government reorgani- zation in December 1994, when ministries were merged or downsized, the Korea Fair Trade Commission was enlarged and made independent from the Economic Planning Board; further- more, in March of this year, its status was elevated from a vice-ministerial level organization to a ministerial level central administrative agency.


2. Key Policy Directions

2.1 Deregulation

The Korea Fair Trade Commission is deeply committed to eliminating protectionist practices and improving regulatory frame- works which are widespread throughout the society in order to promote competition in the Korean economy. With respect to the existing laws and regulations, the Commission orders the relevant ministries to remove anticompetitive provisions. With respect to new laws and regulations in accordance with Article 63 of the Fair Trade Act, the relevant ministries are to hold consultations with the Commission prior to enactment of the laws. Thus, the government is replacing the past government- led industrial policies with policies befitting an advanced market economy based on competition.

In 1995, the Commission ordered the removal of anticom- petitive provisions in 30 existing acts including abolition of exclusive sales area for tour businesses and customs businesses. In addition, the Commission ordered the abolition of the lock- time system in broadcasting advertisements. Also, through economic minster's meetings and vice-minister's meetings for law revisions and new enactments, the Commission asked other ministries to delete or modify anticompetitive provisions. In 1995, deliberations were made on 205 acts of which the Commission gave opinions on 93 and had its opinions reflected in 61 of them. That means 65.5% of the commission's opinions were taken into account.

The Commission will continue to actively pursue deregulation, and will place particular emphasis on revising anticompetitive rules and regulations in some 10 areas which have significant ramifications on the national economy: review of rules and regulations will be focused on such areas as the infrastructure industry including the communication and energy industries; the financial industry where deregulation has been insufficient; and the health and service industries which are closely related to public life. In the past, the communication and energy industries were considered decreasing cost industries in which monopolistic and oligopolistic market structures were inevitable; however, technological development has made the application of market principles also possible in these industries. Similarly, the medical industry used to be considered an area in which government regulation was inevitable to guarantee a certain level of service, since information asymmetry between the provider (doctors, nurses) and the consumer (patients) made market competition impossible. However, the development of information and communication technology has facilitated the patients' access to medial information, and now it is considered that market competition guarantees the quality of service in the medical industry.

Cartels formed by laws or by trade associations are the major impediments to market competition; thus, the Commission will exert utmost efforts to prohibit cartels. The Commission will overhaul provisions of laws pertaining to individual industries which protect cartels so that the Fair Trade Act will be applied to more types of cartels.

2.2 Consumer Protection

Due to severe supply shortages in the past, industrial rules, regulations, and customs of trade are still very much oriented toward the suppliers. For instance, in determining the regulation of market entry, regulations on the production and sale of goods and services, and scope and speed of market opening, the producers are given the primary consideration. Such supplier-oriented industrial structure not only makes Korea vulnerable to challenges of foreign competition, but also runs counter to the ultimate economic goal of maximizing public welfare. Thus, such supplier-oriented policies need to be changed to consumer- oriented ones.

With the establishment of the Consumer Protection Bureau in March, the Korea Fair Trade Commission will concentrate more on creating an environment in which consumers can make rational choices based on consumers' wishes. It will launch a thorough crackdown on false or exaggerated advertisements and enact advertisement guidelines which obligate the producers to indicate information essential to the consumers. By doing so, the Commission will make sure that the correct and necessary information is provided to the consumers. In addition, tie-in sales at wedding halls and funeral service houses as well as false bargain sales at department stores will also be regulated in order to protect consumers.

2.3 Easing Economic Concentration

Large business groups, better known as Chaebol, are products of a government-led, compressed economic growth unique to Korea. The chaebol are characterized by their fleet-like expansion in which a small number of equity holders possess and control enterprises of diverse businesses through cross- equity holding and operation of the CEO's (Chief Executive Officer) office, and they are often major sources of Korea's economic problems.

The concentration of economic power among the chaebol give rise to questions of legitimacy with respect to the accumulation of wealth process and of equity with respect to the excessive concentration of ownership. In terms of efficiency, access to a disproportionately large share of the limited financial resources gives the chaebol a comparative advantage over other enterprises in the market. This impedes fair competition and sound growth of the small-and-medium-sized enterprises. Furthermore, by keeping failing companies in a business group, it weakens the competitiveness of not only the business groups, but also that of the nation as a whole.

However, few can deny the fact that the chaebol played an essential role throughout the development of the Korean economy. Even today, affiliates of chaebol have a better chance of achieving "economy of scale" and "economy of scope" in their industries. For instance, experience in using and repairing heavy equipment in the construction industry can contribute to the heavy equipment manufacturing technology development. Korean chaebol such as Samsung, Hyundae, Daewoo, and etc. can capitalize on the worldwide recognition of their trademarks and serve as the backbone of Korea's future economy.

The Korean government will bear in mind such merits of the Korean chaebol and strive to make the most of it; however, for the time being, the government feels the need to drastically correct the irrational aspects of the chaebol such as their distorted structure of ownership and control.
First, the Commission will remove debt guarantees among affiliates of large business groups in phases. Presently, the ceiling on debt guarantees is set at 200% of assets. The ceiling will be lowered to 100% in the next two years, and to 0% in another three years. Moreover, the rules and regulations related to the examination of corporate mergers will be brought to the level of advanced nations in order to prevent the formation of monopolistic and oligopolistic structures which have the effect of restraining competition. Furthermore, regulations prohibiting unfair in-house trading will be enforced more effectively by extending the application of the law from trade in goods and services to one including trade in assets and funds. At the same time, the government as a whole will effectively implement policies by coordinating not only fair trade policies but also those of taxation, finance, and market opening.

When the Commission successfully prevents large business groups from expanding business fields, corrects unfair in-house trading, and regulates their abuse of market-dominating positions through the enforcement of policies repressing economic concent- ration, it is expected to also improve the business environment for small-and-medium-sized enterprises and foreign enterprises.

The policy to repress economic concentration, coupled with policies of deregulation and consumer protection, are expected to improve the business environment of the foreign enterprises who are committed to true market competition.

2.4 International Cooperation

The Korea Fair Trade Commission is also prepared to actively contribute to promoting international cooperation in competition policies.

For one, the Commission is striving to improve the business environment of foreign enterprises operating in Korea by improving the relevant laws and regulations. In April 1995, a change was made in the international contract reporting system to facilitate the signing of international contracts in which the contracting parties are no longer required to report their contracts. For another, to allow foreign enterprises to engage more freely in sales promotion activities, the Commission raised the ceiling on price of gifts and abolished the limit on the gift offering period.

International cooperation in competition policies does not simply mean revising and improving domestic laws and regulations; it also includes establishing international rules which can be applied worldwide. Such discussions are under way at the OECD and are expected to be extended to talks at the WTO in the near future. It is true that many trade barriers at national borders have been removed as a result of the conclusion of the Uruguay Round multilateral negotiations; however, if the end-users are blocked from easy access to imported goods, there will be no increase in actual trade no matter how many goods are cleared at the borderlines.

I do not need to remind you that the EU is very active in international cooperation in the field of competition policies. Presently, the EU has proposed to the OECD the signing of bilateral and plurilateral agreements and eventually extending them to multilateral agreements comprising most of the countries around the world. In addition, in February, the EU and Korea initially signed the "Framework Agreement for Cooperation and Trade Between Korea and EC" in which the two nations agreed to cooperate in competition policies.

The Korean government will actively pursue interna- tionalization of competition laws and policies to keep abreast of the international trend based on the understanding that compe- tition policies are not restricted to a nation's boundary. International cooperation in the field of competition policy is focused on effectively regulating violations of the competition law by enterprises throughout the world. Thus, having enter- prises fully understand the content of competition laws and abide by them would be one of the best means of promoting international cooperation. I would greatly appreciate it if the EU enterprises fully understood the purpose of the Korean fair trade laws and observed them.


3. Conclusion

Under the vision of creating "an economy in which competition flourishes," the Korea Fair Trade Commission will strive to spread the idea of competition policy in every corner of the economy and the society for the purpose of maximizing economic efficiency and consumer welfare. I hope that EU enterprises operating in Korea will fully understand the spirit of fair trade laws and the policy directions of the Korea Fair Trade Commission and share the fruit of Korean economic develop- ment.

Thank you for your attention.